منابع مشابه
Coevolution in variable mutualisms.
Many mutualistic interactions are probably not mutualistic across all populations and years. This article explores consequences of this observation with a series of genetic models that consider how variable mutualisms coevolve. The first models, previously introduced in a general coevolutionary context, consider two coevolving species whose fitness interactions change between beneficial and ant...
متن کاملThe evolution of interspecific mutualisms.
Interspecific mutualisms are widespread, but how they evolve is not clear. The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the main theoretical tool to study cooperation, but this model ignores ecological differences between partners and assumes that amounts exchanged cannot themselves evolve. A more realistic model incorporating these features shows that strategies that succeed with fixed exchanges (e. g.,...
متن کاملThe evolution of plant-insect mutualisms.
Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms of mutualism. Here we review evolutionary features of three prominent insect-plant mutualisms: pollination, protection and seed dispersal. We focus on addressing five central phenomena: evolutionary origins and mainten...
متن کاملCheating and the evolutionary stability of mutualisms.
Interspecific mutualisms have been playing a central role in the functioning of all ecosystems since the early history of life. Yet the theory of coevolution of mutualists is virtually nonexistent, by contrast with well-developed coevolutionary theories of competition, predator-prey and host-parasite interactions. This has prevented resolution of a basic puzzle posed by mutualisms: their persis...
متن کاملCoevolutionary Dynamics and the Conservation of Mutualisms
The vast majority of studies in conservation biology focus on a single species at a time. However, many of the anthropogenic threats that species face occur via disrupted or enhanced interactions with other organisms. According to one recent analysis, interactions with introduced species, such as predators, parasites, and pathogens, are the eighth leading cause of species endangerment worldwide...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
سال: 2001
ISSN: 0024-4066
DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01336.x